The RED SHIRT ATTACK ON THAI PRIME MINISTER

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ဒုကၡသည္မွ သုခသည္ျဖစ္ဖုိ႔ ဓါတ္ပုံရုိက္ဖုိ႔ဗ်ာလ္

ထုိင္း-ျမန္မာနယ္စပ္မွာရွိေရ ႏုပုိး ဒုကၡသည္စခန္းမွာ ေအ ၂၀၀၉ ခုႏွစ္အတြက္ UNHCR ကစာရင္းေကာက္ဖုိ႔လုိ႔ ေျပာသံၾကားနီပါေရ…။ ဓါတ္ပုံရုိက္ဖုိ႔အတြက္ လာဖုိ႔ မတ္လ ၄.ရက္နိန္႔ စခန္းထဲမွာ လူကုိယ္တုိင္ အၾကဳိစာရင္းပီးရဖုိ႔လုိ႔ စခန္းထဲလူတစ္ေယာက္အသိပီးခပါေရ။ႏုပုိးကလဲြလုိ႔ မယ္လနန္႔ အုံးဖန္စခန္းတိမွာ ေလာေလာဆယ္ စာရင္းပီးရစြာ အခက္အခဲရွိေရလုိ႔လဲသိရပါသိေရ။

ေအစာရင္းပီးျပီးေက ဇာနိန္႔ဓါတ္ပုံရုိက္ဖုိ႔ဆုိစြာကုိ အတိအက်ေတာ့မသိရသိ။ တကယ္လုိ႔ ဒုကၡသည္ေလွ်ာက္ျပီးေက ႏုိင္ငံျခားလားခ်င္ေရလူတိအတြက္ အဆင္ေျပႏုိင္ပါေရ။

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နတန္ညာဟု ကဒီမာ နန္ ့မတြဲႏိုင္

အာဏာရဖို ့အခြင့္သာနီေရ နတန္ညာဟုသည္ ကဒီမာ ပါတီနန္ ့ေပါင္းစပ္ဖို ့အခြင့္မသာျဖစ္ေတအခါ၊ ေနာက္တက္လာဖို ့ အီစေရး အစိုးရသည္ အျမင္က်ိဳင္းေျမာင္းေရ ေရွးရိုးစြဲ သမားတိ နန္ ့ေပါင္းဗနာ ညြန္ ့ေပါင္းအစိုးရ ဖြဲ ့လားဖို ့ပံုစံျမင္နီရေရ။

လက္ဟိ ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရး ၀န္ၾကီးျဖစ္ေတ ကဒီမာပါတီေခါင္းေဆာင္ ခ်ီပီ လီနီ နန္ ့အစည္းေ၀းထိုင္ျပီးေရ အခါ နတန္ညာဟုက သတင္းေထာက္တိကို ေျပာစြာက - ညီညြတ္ေရး ရဖို ့အတြက္ ကံမေကာင္း အေၾကာင္းမလွ အျငင္းခံရပါေရ။ တူညီေရ အျမင္နန္ ့စီစိုင္စရာဟိစြာတိကို စီစဥ္ဖို့ လက္တြဲခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေရ အဖြဲ ့ဖြဲ ့စည္းဖို ့ကို ျငင္းပယ္လိုက္ကတ္ပါေရ- လို ့ေျပာပါေရ။

ခ်ီပီ နန္ ့စည္းလံုးေရး ရဖို ့ခ်င္ျခင္းမ်ိဳး မျမင္ခရပါ။

အီစေရး ႏိုင္ငံ၏ တစ္ျခား ပါတီတစ္ခုျဖစ္ေတ ေလဘာပါတီ ကေတာ့ခါ နတန္ညာဟု၏ လီကုတ္ ပါတီနန္ ့ညြန္ ့ေပါင္းဖြဲ ့ဖို ့ကို အလိုရွိေၾကာင္း ေျပာျပလခပါေရ။
ခ်ီပီက ေျပာစြာက ေတာ့ တစ္မ်ိဳး။ နတန္ညာဟုေရ ပါလက္စတိုင္းတိနန္ ့ညွိႏိုင္းေရး လုပ္ရဖို ့ဆိုေရ ဂန္ဒကို လက္မခံႏိုင္သူပါ။ ပါလက္စတိုင္းနန္ ့ညွိႏိုင္းေက ပါလက္စတိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ ထူေထာင္ဖို ့ကိစၥကို ေရာက္ဟိ လာႏိုင္ပါဖို ့လတ္။

ႏိုင္ငံႏွစ္ခု တည္ေထာင္ဖို ့ေၾကြးေၾကာ္သံက အႏွစ္မဟိေရ စကားက မဟုတ္ပါ။ အီစေရး ႏိုင္ငံက ဒီမိုကေရစီက်က် နန္ ့လြတ္လပ္ေတႏိုင္ငံ အျဖစ္တည္ဟိနီဖို ့အတြက္ ေဒကိစၥက တစ္ခုတည္းေသာ လမ္းျဖစ္ပါေရ လို ့ခ်ီပီက ေျပာလားပါေရ။

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စိုးရိမ္ေသာကေရာက္နီေရ အီစေရးႏိုင္ငံကို ျပန္ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ႏိုင္ဖို ့ရည္ေရြသူ ဘန္ဂ်မိန္ နတန္ညာဟု

လြန္ခေရ ဆယ္ႏွစ္ေလာက္က ဘန္ဂ်မိန္ နတန္ညာဟု ကို အီစေရး ျပည္သူတိက ႏိုင္ငံေခါင္းေဆာင္ အျဖစ္က ျဖဳတ္ခ် ဗလိုက္ကတ္ေတ။ ယင္းျဖဳတ္ခ်ေရ ျပည္သူတိ အသိဥာဏ္ထဲမွာ သူ ့ႏိုင္ငံေရး ျပိဳင္ဘက္က ကတိပီးထားေရ ျငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးေတးသံ နန္ ့ ႏိုင္ငံစံျပဳတရားတိ က လြမ္းမိုးနီခေရ။ အဂုေတာ့ခါ ဘန္ဂ်မိန္ နတန္ညာဟု သည္ ႏိုင္ငံေရး အစာမေၾကမွဳ နန္ ့စစ္ဒဏ္ရာ ၾကားမွာ ေမ်ွာနီရေရ အီစေရး ႏိုင္ငံမွာ အာဏာျပန္လက္ကိုင္ရ
ဖို ့ေစာင့္နီပါရာ။

ဂါဇာ က ဟမားစ္၊ လတ္ဘႏုန္ က ဟီစဘိုလာ၊ အီရန္ ္က ညဴးကလီးယား အစီအစိုင္
နန္ ့အီစေရး ႏိုင္ငံ၏ စီးပြားေရး က်ဆင္းမွဳ။ ယင္းစြာအားလံုးက နတန္ညာဟု အတြက္ အခြင့္ေကာင္းဗ်ာယ္ မလားေယ။ နတန္ညာဟု အတြက္ အင္အားသံုးတတ္ေတ
သူ ့လီကု(ဒ္)ပါတီ၏ ၀ါဒတိမ္းေစာင္းမွဳ ကို အဆံုးသတ္ႏိုင္ဖို ့။ ေနာက္ျပီးေက အဂၤါနိန္ ့ (၁၀.၂.၂၀၀၉)မွာ က်င္းပဖို ့ဟိမ့္ေရ ပါလီမန္ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲမွာ ဦးေဆာင္ႏိုင္ဖို ့အတြက္ အခြင့္သာနီဗ်ာယ္။

သူနန္ ့အရင္က ႏိုင္ငံေရး မိတ္ရင္းျဖစ္ခေရ အဘီေဒါ လစ္ဘာမန္း (Avigdor Lieberman) က မဲဆႏၵရွင္တိ ကို လီကု ပါတီ၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရးလက္ယာစြန္းကို ဆြဲေဆာင္ယူလခေကေလ့ေသာ့၊ နတန္ညာဟု ကေတာ့ခါ ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရး၀န္ၾကီး တိစိပိ လီနီ (Tzipi Livni)၏ ဗဟုိ၀ါဒီ ျဖစ္ေတ ကဒီမာ ပါတီ (Kadima party)ကို ေက်ာ္တက္လားဗနာ၊ အီစေရး ပါလီမန္ (Knesset) မွာ
ညြန္ ့ေပါင္းအစိုးရ ဖြဲ ့ႏိုင္ဖို ့အလားအလာ မွာ ဟိမ့္ေရ။

နတန္ညာဟု သည္ အေမရိကန္ ႏိုင္ငံမွာ ဘြဲ ့ရခေရ ပညာတတ္ျဖစ္ေတ။ ထင္ရွားေက်ာ္ေဇာေရ ဇီယြန္၀ါဒီ ပညာရွင္ တစ္ေယာက္၏ သားလည္း ျဖစ္ေတ။ အဂု အသက္ ၅၉ ႏွစ္ဟိမ့္ပါဗ်ာယ္။ အဂုအခ်ိန္အခါ မွာ နတန္ညာဟု သည္ လီကု ပါတီက အရိုးစြဲ နီေရ အယူအဆ တစ္ခု မမွန္ေၾကာင္းကို ျပသဖို ့ျပန္လာပါလိမ့္ေမ။ ယင္းအယူအဆက ဇာေလးဆိုေက- သိမ္းပိုက္ထားခေရ အာရပ္ေနေျမ တိကို တစ္ေယာက္သေဘာတူညီခ်က္ေလ့ မပါပဲနန္ ့
လက္လြတ္ပလိုက္စြာေရ အီစေရး ႏိုင္ငံကို အသိအမွတ္ မျပဳေရ အီစလန္အၾကမ္းဖက္သမားတိ ကို ပိုလို ့ ရဲ၀ံေအာင္လုပ္ပလိုက္စြာ နန္ ့တူေရ လို ့ဆိုပါေရ။

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Myanmar Academy Award 2007

Myanmar Academy Award 2007

Publish at Scribd or explore others: Other Sheet Music & Tablat

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"Asian Affirmation"

Philosophically, “affirmation” can be defined as the mobilization of one’s inner resource or potency. Economic success generates self-confidence and to a larger extent self-assertiveness on the part of those who produce it and benefit from it. Wealth, like power is overwhelmingly comprehended as a primary source for promoting both individual and collective sense of moral and cultural superiority. All these factors contributed to an undeclared, but a well plausible phenomenon rapidly developing in East Asia and probably beyond, reflecting the reincarnation or reemergence of once buried Asian interests into modern life, huge in strength and size, literally termed as “Asian Affirmation”.

The process of economic development in Asia led by Japan in the 1950s and spread to the Korean Peninsula and to the sizable islands in South China Sea, and thereafter to China and virtually all of East and South East Asia contrasts dramatically with the modest growth of European economics. This consequently preserves grounds for Asian to assume their superiority over their western counterparts. On one hand, some might argue that European economies have reached the age of industrial maturity at which no economy is capable of driving any conceivable growth. On the other hand, why is an Economy like Japan, no less advanced and mature than its European counterparts, still generating remarkable growth while the United States, economically a very similar country to Japan is confronted with stagnant growth?

The Japanese draw assertion from relative socio-economic success at the expense of the European economic failure and social disintegration. Early Japanese leaders emulated the West, borrowed the latter’s techniques and institutions and launched its modernization efforts earlier than any society in the orient. Utilizing the borrowed bureaucratic institutions and advanced technology, Japan defeated the Soviet, the largest country on earth, and even challenged the United States, the global superpower (through bombing the Pearl Harbor). However, by late twentieth century, the American and European economic decline plus their mal-functioning social systems had laid the foundation of Japanese relative economic and social well being neither on the European techniques nor European social institutions, but on the Japanese (Confucian) culture itself.

In a similar fashion, early Chinese intellectuals indentified their Confucian culture the primary source of their backwardness. However, when it turned to the end of twentieth century, they came to assert Confucianism as the generator of their social and economic progress. “In China, a state with a highly trained bureaucracy existed for thousands of years. In Europe, modern states, deploying large armies, taxation powers, and a centralized power is much more recent, dating back to four to five hundred years.” At times in history (colonial era - 1800s), China and India combined economic output constituted more than half of global capacity. Functioning with market-economy principles, China has become a vast economic powerhouse, generating economic growth infeasible by the West at any time in history plus relative social stability. Maintaining relative social discipline under the guidance of authoritarian (semi-communist) type of government, China posits a fairly enticing model capable of deluding the West to reconsider its liberal-oriented social and political arrangements in tackling with the successive economic and moral decline that form the most notorious agendas facing their society today.

While the development of a fully operating democratic culture has terrifying negative social impact with global reach, it is ostensibly more pronounced in the European West. The continent-wide moral and ethics of the European culture are more or less prescribed in their holy bible though operating churches. However, as a growing number of people in the West become distanced from religion to conform to liberal principles under democratic regimes, norms and conditions has been decaying and a negative social trend has started to develop. And uncontrolled availability of birth control pills in the modern and secular society has further entrenched a decaying Christian tradition, driving the entire European culture into an inescapable destruction.

In the West, as the whole gamut of rights are granted to their citizens given a democratic, libertarian, and secular government is in power, people of their citizens, conforming to humanness, seek to maximize their personal autonomy (self-interest) out of the system. Individualism reigns, and marital conflict and parental absence substitute for what was once American nuclear family. Cohabitation replaced marriage. Negative factors like divorce and crime rates climb until they arrive at a point which whether a local or an outsider can well observe it as a phenomenon leading to a complete destruction in society. The absence of parental care and solicitude on the part of children further create massive crime rates bringing the entire European society into complete bleakness.

Quite the contrary, while what is generally termed “modernity” (advanced economies containing similar social structures to the West, like bureaucratic governments and institutions) has been successfully imported into a number of countries in Asia, these Asian societies seem to be protecting and preserving their traditions and norms. For instance, Japanese melded their “work-ethic” tradition into both public and private bureaucratic (Western) institutions. And surveys have shown that in order to deliver much intimate parental care to the child, most South Korean women are discontinuing working while rearing up their children and join the workforce again only after their children have become physically well grown up. These are the most developed and modern societies in Asia. Many of these advanced countries adopt the principles of democratic culture entitling their citizens more or less the same array of rights that every European or American citizen is granted. The medical technology to deter an unwanted child is also available with affordable prices here in Asian societies. Surprisingly enough, all these countries have maintained relative stability and harmony in society, drawing a sharp contrast to their European counterparts. The reason is while Asian stress the importance of discipline, trust, family and community in their society, the latter consistently promote competition, rationality, and personal autonomy (self-preservation) filling the latter’s societies with absolute distrust. Asians see a deeper entanglement (relatedness) between sex and marriage, but people in America and the Western Europe perceive those as separate entities leading the latter to maximize their sexual partners. Consequently, Asian marriages are more stable, producing disciplined and productive children (because both parents are in harmony, their children receive parental care). To the contrary, Western (American) marriages are transient, leading to divorce and consequently deteriorating early childhood life. Under no reliable parental care, children bring uncontrolled and indecent behaviors to their adulthood promoting disharmony in society.

Observing the prevalence of a mal-functioning society in virtually all of Western Europe and America, sizable communities in the Middle-East also reform their currently installed Western social and political foundations. Beginning in the 1980s, monitoring Western governments’ successive failures to develop a creditable model to repair their own negative social trend resulting from their liberal ideologies, Islamic regimes started to launch extensive efforts in publishing and disseminating Islamic values. Regimes after regimes in the region once borrowed the western liberal principles to restructure their apparently pre-modern socio-economic landscape. However, both the inability of Islamic states to resolve subsequent regional crisis and sectarian strife (stemming mostly from democratization and Westernization of individual regions in this area) and the incompatibility of Islamic ideology with the alien (Western) customs have always been contributing factors promoting regional instability and animosity within their family (Arab world). Eventually, far from stabilizing a democratic culture, Islam rises as an identity for all in the Middle-East again to rebuild their brotherhood. Many of these counties like Turkey and Saudi Arabia has per capita income parallel to many European countries. However, what the West call “political development” is taking an opposite direction in these countries and beyond in the Mid-East. According to some western intellectuals, more states in the Middle East are found to be religious or taking religion as national identity than a couple of decades ago. The assumed mandate of the West to manipulate the social and political landscape of the Muslim brotherhood is about to be over. Economic well-being and cooperation and integration through religious resurgence are promoting affirmation throughout Arab nations as well.

Buddhism or Islam, Confucianism or Hinduism all share and cherish certain types of traditions, cultures and a set of similar morals and ethics. East Asians, Indians, and Arabs, all claim and affirm the distinctiveness of their culture but were uncertain for some time about proclaiming the superiority of their culture over the Western traditions. However, the capability of their (paternalistic) authoritarian regimes in promoting relative social harmony and creating enormous wealth has successfully mobilized these citizens to affirm the superiority of the values they altogether embrace and to fight to sustain it.

References

Francis Fukuyama 2004. “State-building” Governance and World Order in the 21st Century (Cornell University Press)

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Chinese ascendency in the East (a threat to the receding European West)

Confronted with stagnant population and economic growth, a declining work ethic, social disintegration and soaring crime rates, the power of the west is in decline. The two newly emerging giants, China and India with a combined economic output of almost one-third of the United States but achieving near double-digit growth and a population threefold that of the entire West, is steadily replacing the post of the current global superpowers. Economic prosperity is rapidly shifting to Asia, especially China, India, and the other East Asian nations like Japan and the other four Asian tigers (South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan). And the military capability and political supremacy is also following. The European West definitely has to be concerned about the shifting power balance.

Transformation of socio-economic landscape of Asian giants like China and India has moved so fast. Ninety percent of Chinese and more than seventy percent of India are literate today, a dramatic increase within a mere quarter of a century. Moreover, currently 30 percent of India and more than 40 percent of China is categorized as urban dwellers. This figure though smaller in terms of percentage is greater than the total population of the European continent, and these two countries have made their economic take off just recently- a couple of decades ago. Many more millions are added into this figure every year. While Britain and the United States, the core countries contained in the term “West”, took half a century to double its per capita output, the same process took thirty years for Japan and only ten years for China. In addition, China and India combined military capability compose about one-third of world’s total military manpower.

In the age when “Westernization” was credited globally and more or less practiced by virtually all Asian societies in hope of benefiting from the content of modernization which is contained in Westernization, states rallied along with the West generating huge efforts to transform every aspects of their societies to resemble to the West. In contrary, As originally deprived nations in East Asia gained modernity both militarily and economically through sustaining relative social stability, while the West is confronted with successive moral decline (crimes rates, cohabitation, divorce rate, etc), Asian societies have become increasingly stressing the superiority of their cultures over the Western customs and traditions. China itself and almost every Asian society not to mention the Islamic world have been so successful modifying the content of Western liberal principles (democracy plus market-economy) to accommodate Eastern way of life. And, Virtually all newly industrialized states of East Asia have secured economic performance unprecedented in the West and maintained social stability by deploying market-oriented economy under the supervision of a (paternalistic) authoritarian government (Singapore is a very good example). One question arises out of such rapidly developing world-wide phenomenon. Has “Modernization” necessarily brought about “Westernization”?

A major consequence stemming from the newly developing states’ partnership model is that China poses a conceivable threat on the receding Western hegemony. While Indian economic and political performance has to be further assessed in the years to come, formation of “Greater China” is well on the way constituting the single largest threat to the West from China, a great nation severally humiliated and exploited by the British (Westerners) during the colonial era. Moreover, the three smaller, but economically and technologically advanced Chinas containing substantial amount of technology and manufacturing capability, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore have become increasingly oriented toward the mainland as well. Hong Kong has been totally (economically and politically) integrated into China and ties have expanded between the Taiwanese faction and the mainland in the light of Chinese economic reforms. Similarly, early Singaporean (anti-communist) leaders and intellects including Lee Kuam Yue has been contemptuous of Chinese backwardness, however, beginning in the 1980s, as the Chinese economy took a respectable shape, Singapore has become to reorient toward its brotherhood with the mainland as well.

Chinese historically conceive a “Sinic Zone” embracing Korea, Vietnam, and often Japan. In addition, the composition of relatively small but influential Chinese minority in Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia, and Myanmar (Burma) is also an important factor shaping the China’s economic landscape and her political dominion. Non-Chinese societies like Vietnam and the two Koreas nonetheless share and cherish China’s confusion culture alienating them from Western Christendom and channeling to desperately subordinate themselves into moving toward coalition with the Dragon (China). For even considerably powerful states like a unified Korea (a possible unification of North and South Korea) and Vietnam, there is no plausible solution alternative to subordination. Consenting on the demands of the increasingly powerful dragon will be a more diligent option to save millions of lives and to avoid a shameful chapter in history.

Eventually, State after state will have to pay tribute to the modern culturally assertive Chinese princes who believe and esteem Confucian culture. The West though still militarily and economically advantaged, can certainly not interfere with to constrain the spread of Chinese ascendency in the region. Iraq is a good example and China is a nuclear state with a veto to emasculate the United Nations’ charter. Moreover, the West always has the tendency resolving conflicts, minor or major going through channels which exclude civilians from military attack. Presumably, the West mutually will have to recognize Chinese expansion considering the potential cost (human cost) of its action. Thus a likely and emerging East Asian new sphere of influence could conceivably drawn centering its focal point in Beijing encompassing all of South China Sea, Taiwan in the east, the Korean peninsula to the south and stretching further south reaching Vietnam and virtually all of Southeast Asia and its seas. Now, the imaginary but rapidly developing shape of sphere of influence preserving a colossal and advanced nuclear arsenal, controlling more than one-third of global population while achieving economic, military, and technological competency parallel to the West will be an inevitable challenge for the West in a few decades.

Works cited:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China

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Compare and contrast of the process how left-wing (Marxist/socialist) nationalist movements in Indonesia and Malaysia were eliminated.

US involvement in eliminating communism in indonesia was troublesome in a way that they were unable to correctly identify Sukarno ideologically and politically because they saw that Sukarno was leaning towards communism and PKI (Indonesia Communist Party) and the prospect of supporting the outer islanders militarily through CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) hesitantly or covertly came up. While on the other hand, the British’s stance to eliminate the MCP (Malayan Communist Party) was overt, brutal and was effective on the spot.
As noted, the American military support in Indonesia was based in two faces- first for the rebels with the help of CIA and second in the indonesian military itself. This policy risked the aspect of the indonesia government to take foreign aid from the Soviet Union in rooting out the disloyal outer islanders.
First, the US has aided the rebels because these people were in open opposition to the central Indonesian government headed by Sukarno who was seen as leaning towards Indonesia communisty party PKI. However, US was also conducting communication with the Indonesian military generals apart from Sukarno and after receiving communication from the army chief and the prime minister, the US considered shifting the policy again. They wanted to reluctantly halt the rebels movement and wanted to reward each successive act of anti-communist repression by the army. For this policy change, the US had wanted to initiate a peace deal with the rebels and the government, which was deemed as quite impossible after the blunt opposition which came from the outer islanders. When the deal was not successful, the rebels’ position was beefed up with more support.

Once again, when an American bomber pilot named Allen Pope and his rebel radio operator were shot down over government-held territory and captured alive, The American backed down the covert support to the rebels. (david, 2002) Therefore, the US involvement in Indonesia was clandestine and when this pilot capture case was revealed, the US totally backed down its involvement.
The Republic of China (Taiwan) still wanted to help the rebels in cooperation with the US. This stance was a bit risky because the Republic was not considered to be able to defend its own position and still wanted to reach out the hand and intervene in Indonesia’s ideological conflict. On the other hand, the US was trying to show Indonesia that Indonesia could go to the United States rather than the Soviets for weaponry and other assistance. If this resulted in a rightward shift in the government of Indonesia, the United States would then consider supplying significant weapons to Indonesia. In the conclusion about US involvement in Indonesia to eliminate the communists, it was risking allies and wanted to change sides from time to time.
In 1960 Sukarno dissolved the elected parliament and replaced it with appointees. The PKI described the act as “an event which seriously endangers democratic life in our country” and demanded new elections, which were never held. (david,2002) Also in this case, one can see that Sukarno was ideologically unstable. Eventhough he was leaning towards the communists, he was not openly supporting them. Sukarno was also worried about the military’s rise to power.
The PKI managed to survive for five more years, as Sukarno began to depend on it as a counter-weight to the growing power of the military. The end of the Sukarno regime came in the mid-1960s, largely as a result of the rising conflict between the two political forces which had gained most from guided democracy: the communists and the military. The PKI was the largest political party in the country, with about three million members.
By the mid-1960s, the conflict between the army and the PKI had become the dominant theme in Indonesian politics. There was a huge clash between them now. On September 30 1965, when squads of troops and members of PKI-affiliated youth and women’s organizations kidnapped six of the country’s most senior army officers and killed them, the demise of the PKI set forth. The mitiary moved very quickly and Sukarno was sidelined. PKI was banned on 12 March 1966.
Colin aruged that the conflict which brought Suharto’s New Order government to power involved not only the army but also the PKI. The army was supported in its fight against the communists by a loose coalition of at least two major civilian groups, and a host of minor ones. One group was indentified as the active Muslims from Masjumi party and another group which carried out the killings of Communist Party was the members of Ansor, the youth wing of the conservative and traditionalist Muslim Party NU.
Students and intellectuals supported Suharto, shouting the ‘Three demands of the People”: the lowering of prices, the banning of the PKI and the purging of PKI members and sympathisers from the Cabinet.
After looking at Indonesia’s issue and its attempt to elimate the Communists, we came to look at the similar patten happened in Malaysia in particular and Federation of Malaya in general.
There was only a brief description about Malayan Communist Party in the text of the course material by John Funston. It says that the Malayan Communist Party challenged for leadership of Malayan nationalism. It was, however, handicapped by its predominantly Chinese membership, and close ideological allegiance to its Chinese counterpart. It was gradually sidelined after Britain declared Embergency rule in 1948, though the Emergnecy did not end until 1960, and the party only abandoned its struggle in 1989.
One has to wonder if this Malayan Communist Party had the same organizing and controlling role in Singpore. In DVD movie called “Success stories; Lee Kuan Yew.” one could find some valuable facts about Malayan Communist Party even tough the DVD was meant for parising Lee Kuan Yew. Fang Chuong Pi, Malayan Communist pary’s representative in Singapore was a formidable foe for Lee Kuan Yew. This means that even a faction of Malayan Communist Party posed a serious threat to the seemingly central part of the formarly Federation of Malaya. The communist wanted Singapore in a communist Malaya. At first Lee Kuan Yew cooperated with the communists in order to get rid of the British. But after the British had left, the communists were defeated in the power contest. Fang Chuong Pi was exiled to a small town in Thailand. After the War and when the British came back, the reward was given to Malayan Communist Party which fought against the Japanese. However, the organization was declared illegal before long. As a result, the party went underground. Before the war, Lee Kuan Yew joined the communists and again even after the war, he did not hesitate to join with them to oust the British masters. Even though the DVD movies justified his action by saying that he was in fact dead against communism, it is apparent that he needed to join hands with the communists to achieve his political goals. That’s why critics derided him as being opportunistic and lacking principles.
For the present-day Malaysian part, the British initiated ‘state of emergency’ which gives the police unconditional powers of arrest, and punishments of the commmunists, including the death penalty without an ordinary criminal trial. This is a severe blow to the Malayan Communist Party. This ‘state of emergency’ was dubbed as the civil war in the book called ‘a short history of Malaysia’ by Virginia Matheson Hooker. She also pointed out that Malayan Communist Party was the best prepared and best organized to exploit the socio-economic conditions for political purposes. While MCP was seen as a terrorist organization because in 1948, it murdered three European estate managers in Perak.
They are also supposedly said to be targeting British enterprises in the mining, platation and timbers sectors. The pretext was made to declare the above-mentioned ‘state of emergency’ to safeguard the British’s seemingly prosperous economic and strategic interests in the region. The extent to which this crackdown was carried out was not mentioned in the book but it seems that it must have been harsh and violent given the fact that the MCP was the strongest party and had the most potential to gain over the post-colonial government.
Virginia continued to describe the British’s strategy to isolate the Chinese majority communists from the chinese communities in the region. It was the relocation plan. The massive resettlement plan was initiated and was named “Briggs Plan” after the British director of operations at the time. She pointed out that the strategy to resettle the rural Chinese commnunities was a bold and risky one, probaly because of the huge amount of population. The plan was hardly imaginable given the fact that the villages were construted and fortified with barbed wire and spotlights. There was also an education plan aimed at the younger Chinese settlers.
In addition to this, the British developed a number of psychological warfare techniques using anti-communist propaganda and a special interrogation center.
Furthermore, the British brought in military support from the beginning of the Emergency and there were 23 infantry battalions stationed in Singapore and Malaya. I wonder how the British got the infantry units while they were exhausted from War World 2 and tired from the Indian independence movements. By 1953, the indians have got their independence and I have no idea how the British tried to receive military support to implement this.
Virginia argued that by 1951, the MCP Central Executive Committee decided to change its tactics. Although it had succeeded in causing dealth and disruption throughout Malaya and in Singapore, it had not always been able to capitalise on its successes and many of the young Chinese recruits lost morale under jungle conditions. I personally do not think that this fact is important because of the nature of warfare. Generally speaking, I would just like to comment on the MCP’s inability to capitalise on its successes, rather than talking about the young Chinese recruits’s morale loss under jungle conditions. And I do not understand why the CEC of MCP decided to move gradually from their main concentration in Pahang to the Malay-Thai border region and increase their propaganda strategies through educational movements in schools and youth organisations. The police role in the ‘state of emergency’ is really dramatic rather than the military. Therefore, finally we have to say that the British’s successful strategy culminated in the gradual loss of the MCP.
In conclusion, in both countries, eliminating the communists was quite early and was done relatively successfully, despite the bloodshed and civil unrest. The foreign countries were involved in both countries as well. But the handling of the cases by the US and the UK were different and US involvement could be seen as ineffective and opportunistic while on the other hand, the UK strategy was comparably effective.



References

BROWN, C., 2003. A short history of Indonesia; the unlikely nation? 1st ed. Australia: Allen & Unwin.
HOOKER, V.M., 2003. A short history of Malaysia; linking east and west. 1st ed. Australia: Allen & Unwin.

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Conquest of Oudh, the last kingdom of India

Dalhousie never anticipated, nor would he have desired or condoned, the long-range political implications of the changes he set in motion-no more than he anticipated the violent aftermath of his reign, which was primarily a reaction to the events of 1856, and most of all to the annexation of Oudh. Even if all the British complaints about the "effete," "corrupt," "debauched," "capricious" king of Oudh and his equally "slothful, lazy, and stupid" courtiers were true, the annexation of Oudh in February 1856 was surely the company's and Dalhousie's worst blunder. Never before had the company blantantly ignored a treaty it had honored for more than half a century. The columns of troops that marched north from Cawnpore to take control of Lucknow were, moreover, ranked with men who had been born in the very land they were now invading. No shot was fired. King Wajid Ali came in his mourning robes to place his turban in the hands of Chief Commissioner Sir James Outram, pleading for his homeland and his legal rights, but when that proved futile, he raised no armed resistance within or outside his palace walls, leaving peacefully for Culcutta with his entourage on February 7, to appeal directly to Dalhousie. But the governor-general was on the eve of his depature for home, a sick and lonely man with no more interest in or power to comfort the king whose throne he had usurped than Outram had expressed. Oudh was one of the richest regions of India, the Gangetic plain's heartland, yet its revenue surplus was hardly a tenth of that of the neighbouring Northwestern Provinces, and the company could not permit that potential revenue to be frittered away on courtiers and courtesans. Wahid Ali thought that in London he might find a more sympathetic audience, and justice, so he took his case and ministers there, only to confront the same expressionless wall of British faces he had seen in Lucknow and Calcutta.

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